S347/The four tiers of protein structure

The four tiers of protein structure
We will use the structure of the zinc-containing enzyme 1z3a to identify the four tiers of protein structure. 

The primary structure of a protein is simply the arrangement of amino acid residues within the chains. This can be emphasized by colouring the chains according to residue (in this example we will use just Chain A to illustrate this). Hover your cursor over the molecule to identify some of the different residues present.

The protein can also be coloured according to secondary structure. The elements of secondary structure in this protein are the alpha-helices shown in pink and the beta-sheets in yellow. The interconnecting loops and any other features are shown in white. Rotate the molecule to look at these elements in more detail. If we now consider just one alpha-helix we can see how this secondary structure is held together by hydrogen bonds - shown here as dashed lines. Remember that the hydrogen atoms are not displayed in the protein so the lines join the atoms that are hydrogen bonded together (without the bonded hydrogen atom). The hydrogen bonding in the  beta-sheet can also be illustrated.

As an enzyme, this protein is an example of a globular protein, as we can see when consider the space-filled representation of the entire protein, both chains A and B. This the tertiary structure of the protein.

Finally, the quaternary structure refers to the number of subunits in the protein. In this particular example, the biological molecule is the same as the shown asymmetric unit of 1z3a shown here and so there are two. The protein is thus a dimer.